When it comes to investing, people are often their own worst enemies.

They often commit any number of mental errors that impact the returns they see on their investments. The study of this lack of objective decision-making with respect to investing is called behavioral finance. Since some irrational investment decisions result in mispriced securities, some mutual fund managers have begun attempting to profit from these idiosyncrasies.

With investors always looking for a way to beat the market, can behavioral finance-oriented funds help? Let us find out.

In case you are wondering whether mutual funds are right for you at all, you should read why mutual funds, in general, should be a part of your portfolio.

Theoretical finance teaches us that investors make decisions without emotion and based on all available information. In reality, that doesn’t happen. Investors often pick and choose what pieces of information they pay attention to, and make decisions based on feeling instead of logic. Behavioral finance identifies a number of errors that investors make, but these are three of the most common.

• Herd mentality – This concept is also known as ‘following the crowd.’ We go along with what the crowd is doing because it’s more comfortable and easier to rationalize. When everybody is buying stocks, like they did during the dot-com bubble, it’s easier to decide that it must be the right choice if everyone is doing it. Investors kept buying for fear of missing out on further gains instead of recognizing that tech stocks were wildly overvalued

• Confirmation bias – This occurs when you choose to give greater weight to information that confirms your own beliefs, and minimize that to which you disagree. An investor might read a report that puts a buy rating on a stock that he or she owns and conclude that it’s correct, while ignoring one that suggests the stock should be sold, leading to an imbalance of accepted data.

• Loss aversion – This is the implication that the pain felt when taking a loss is greater than the joy experienced in making a profit. This often leads to investors refusing to take a loss on an investment, and saying things such as, “I’ll sell it when it gets back to where I bought it.” Investors in this situation might hang on to potentially poor investments for longer than they should, resulting in additional losses.

Fund managers can use a number of indicators to identify behavioral opportunities. Metrics, such as the price-to-earnings and price-to-book ratios, can suggest securities that are overbought or oversold. Events, such as stock splits that often result in a stock price bounce even though nothing with the company has actually changed, can present exploitable opportunities.

Behavioral finance shows up in contrarian strategies, such as the Fidelity Contrafund (FCNTX), which look for companies whose value the manager believes are not fully recognized by the public. Momentum funds, such as the AQR Large Cap Momentum Fund (AMOMX), try to exploit the fact that investors like to buy stocks that are showing an upward price trend.

Behavioral funds are more like active funds than passive funds, since they continuously buy and sell to take advantage of opportunities. Therefore, it’s a better comparison to measure them against the active fund universe.

The authors of this 2013 study about the performance of behavioral funds found that, while they outperform active funds in general, they failed to deliver superior risk-adjusted returns. A second study, also from 2013, came to a similar conclusion, finding that there is no evidence of outperformance by behavioral funds on a risk-adjusted basis. The group of 22 funds examined delivered less alpha, as measured by the Sharpe ratio and Treynor ratio, than the broader market, while exhibiting greater risk. Moreover, behavioral funds also failed to produce superior returns around the time of the financial crisis, when opportunities to exploit mispricings should have been at their greatest.

Learn more about why investors are fleeing actively managed funds.

These are the 22 behavioral funds examined in the study mentioned above.

The J.P. Morgan Undiscovered Managers Behavioral Value Fund (UBVLX) is one of the more successful funds in the group, having returned 10% per year over the past 10 years compared to the Russell 2000 Value Index’s 7% annual return. It has achieved outperformance by focusing on companies with significant insider buying and share buybacks.

The J.P. Morgan Intrepid Value Fund (JIVAX) is another example of a behavioral fund, which focuses on value, quality and momentum factors to drive returns. It has been a relatively average performer over its life, earning a 3-star rating from Morningstar.

Check out this article that dispels some of the myths surrounding active management.

Behavioral finance investing is a strategy that makes sense at a high level, but has largely failed to deliver on its promise. Even though behavioral funds have performed better than active funds as a whole, they have still come up short against the broader equity market. In that sense, investors might, once again, be better off investing in low-cost index funds.

Be sure to check our News section to keep track of recent fund performances.